Writers and thinkers throughout history have pondered the nature of language and its ability to impact on human experience. I have been interested in this area ever since reading the British philosopher J L Austin’s ‘How to Do Things with Words’ as an undergraduate. This work questions the traditional view that language is about stating facts or making propositions, suggesting instead that language’s core purpose lies in its performative ability. 

Over time in the light of this, I have developed my thinking on how we might use words in ways that are more than simply inspirational or informative. I believe that by weighing them carefully, we can achieve better outcomes for ourselves and develop stronger and more mutually beneficial relationships with the people around us.

Austin challenges the notion that language merely describes the world by introducing the concept of ‘speech acts,’ the theory that words are not just vehicles for information, but actions in themselves. When we speak, we do not merely state facts or relay ideas; we perform acts such as promising, apologising or commanding.  Austin offers a couple of examples of this in his paper Performative Utterances (1956):  “When I say ‘I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth’ I do not describe the christening ceremony, I actually perform the christening; and when I say ‘I do’ (take this woman to be my lawful wedded wife), I am not reporting on a marriage, I am indulging in it.”.

Take the simple phrase, ‘I promise’. At face value, these words convey a commitment, but Austin argues that they also enact something, they create an obligation. By saying this phrase, we commit ourselves to a future course of action. Similarly, when a judge states, ‘I sentence you to ten years in prison’, the words carry not just descriptive meaning but legal and social force, altering the reality of the person being sentenced.

This performative aspect of language underscores how words operate on multiple levels: they convey literal meaning, express intention and can even reshape the social fabric. This layered nature of language highlights how words can initiate change and influence behaviour, often in ways that are both subtle and powerful.

In our daily lives and at school, we witness how words can have unintended effects because of their layered meanings. A well-meaning compliment like ‘you’ve done well’ may be taken as encouragement or condescension, depending on the tone, context, and relationships of the people involved. Similarly, an apology such as ‘I’m sorry you feel that way’ might seem conciliatory on the surface but could come across as dismissive, leading to tension and bad feeling.

This multifaceted nature of meaning is why communication can be so difficult to get right, both in our close relationships and in our interactions in school or with colleagues and acquaintances. Recognising the layers in something said and noticing the listener’s perspective is key to a commitment to achieving a positive outcome.

Austin’s philosophy also sheds light on how words can instigate action. A rousing speech, a carefully worded request, or a heartfelt declaration can motivate people to take action they might not have considered otherwise. Think of Martin Luther King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. His words were more than inspirational; they were performative. They stirred hearts, empowered people and altered societal perspectives, ultimately galvanising the civil rights movement.

But the power of words to inspire action is not confined to leaders or public figures. In our personal lives, deliberate and thoughtfully chosen language is likely to foster better understanding and build stronger relationships; a well-chosen phrase can diffuse a conflict with a partner, or give someone a sense of self-belief. Conversely, it is evident that the words we choose also carry a weight of responsibility. Carelessly chosen words can lead to negative or otherwise unintended consequences.

When we pause to consider the potential impact of our words, we empower ourselves to achieve more, both for ourselves and others. For instance, offering constructive and positively framed feedback instead of knee-jerk criticism can inspire growth and avoid a defensive response. Similarly, choosing inclusive language creates an environment where everyone feels valued, enabling shared success and reducing any possible sense of insecurity.

J L Austin’s insights into the performative nature of language reveal that words are more than simple indicators of meaning; they are powerful tools that can inspire action and effect change. Recognising the layered nature of words reminds us to approach communication with care and intention. By choosing our words thoughtfully, we not only enhance our ability to connect with others but also unlock new possibilities for growth in ourselves. 

Mastering the art of communication is one of the most powerful skills we can develop, especially in a world where communication often happens hastily (and electronically). Austin’s philosophy reminds us of the profound importance of taking care with our words. Whether we are negotiating at work, resolving a conflict, or expressing love, thoughtful and respectful expression can make all the difference.

Austin J L (1955) How to Do Things with Words: Second Edition. Harvard University Press, 15 Apr 1975
Austin, J .; Urmson, J; Warnock, G (1956) Performative Utterances. In Philosophical Papers pp. 233-252: (1956)